![]() The proposed Proto-Siouan vowel system appears below: The five oral vowels and three nasal vowels posited by earlier scholars is expanded to include a distinction between short and long vowels. ![]() (2015) analyze numerous instances of long vowels as present due to common inheritance rather than common innovation. However, phonemic vowel length exists in several Siouan languages such as Hidatsa, Ho-Chunk, and Tutelo. Previous work on Proto-Siouan only posited single vowel length. The actual phonetic value of these obstruents is an issue of some debate, with some arguing that they arise through geminated *w+*w or *r+*r sequences or a laryngeal plus *w or *r. These sounds have different reflexes in daughter languages, with *w appearing as or in most daughter languages, while *W has a reflex of, ,, or. In addition, there is a set of sounds that represent obstruentized versions of their corresponding sonorants. Nasal consonants only arise in daughter languages when followed by a nasal vowel. Unlike Wolff and Matthew's proposals, there are no posited nasal consonants in Proto-Siouan. (2015) give *waroː(-ka) as the reconstructed form for 'male.' For example, Matthews (1958: 129) gives *wróke as the proto-form for 'male.' With added data from a larger set of Siouan languages since the middle of the twentieth century, Rankin et al. Many of the consonant clusters proposed by Wolff (1950–1951) can be accounted for due to syncopation of short vowels before stressed syllables. Previous analysis posited only a single stop series. ![]() ![]() The major change to the previously-proposed system was accomplished by systematically accounting for the distribution of multiple stop series in modern Siouan languages by tracing them back to multiple stop series in the proto-language. 2015), Americanist phonetic transcriptions are the norm, so IPA * ʃ is Americanist *š, IPA *j is Americanist *y, and so on. In Siouanist literature (e.g., Rankin et al. This work yielded a different analysis of the phonemic system of Proto-Siouan, which appears below: Consonants Wolff also reconstructed some consonantal clusters /*tk, *kʃ, *ʃk, *sp/.Ĭollaborative work involving a number of Siouanists started at the 1984 Comparative Siouan Workshop at the University of Colorado with the goal of creating a comparative Siouan dictionary that would include Proto-Siouan reconstructions. With respect to vowels, five oral vowels are being reconstructed /*i, *e, *a, *o, *u/ and three nasal vowels /*ĩ, *ã, *ũ/. Wolff reconstructed the system of proto-Siouan, and this was modified by Matthews (1958). Wolff (1950–51) is among the first and more complete works on the subject. There is a certain amount of comparative work in Siouan–Catawban languages. Collectively, Siouan languages of Appalachia and the Piedmont are sometimes grouped under the term Tutelo, Tutelo-Saponi, or Yesah (Yesa:sahį) as the language historically spoken by the Monacan, Manahoac, Haliwa-Saponi, and Occaneechi peoples. Some of these groups migrated or were displaced great distances following European contact, ending up as far afield as present-day Ontario and southern Mississippi. This group includes various historical languages spoken by Siouan peoples not only in the Ohio River Valley, but across the Appalachian Plateau and into the Piedmont regions of present-day Virginia and the Carolinas. Voegelin proposes that Biloxi, Ofo and Tutelo consistute one group which he terms Ohio Valley Siouan. Voegelin established, on the basis of linguistic evidence, that Catawban was divergent enough from the other Siouan languages, including neighboring Siouan languages of the Piedmont and Appalachia, to be considered a distinct branch. The Catawban branch consisting of Catawban and Woccon.Ĭharles F. The Western Siouan languages are typically subdivided into Missouri River languages (such as Crow and Hidatsa), Mandan, Mississippi River languages (such as Dakota, Chiwere- Winnebago, and Dhegihan languages), and Ohio Valley Siouan languages ( Ofo, Biloxi, and Tutelo). Siouan languages can be grouped into Western Siouan languages and Catawban. Generally, however, the name "Siouan" is used without distinction. Others restrict the name "Siouan" to the western branch and use the name Siouan–Catawban for the entire family. Siouan ( / ˈ s uː ən/ SOO-ən) or Siouan–Catawban is a language family of North America that is located primarily in the Great Plains, Ohio and Mississippi valleys and southeastern North America with a few other languages in the east.Īuthors who call the entire family Siouan distinguish the two branches as Western Siouan and Eastern Siouan or as "Siouan-proper" and "Catawban". Pre-contact distribution of the Siouan–Catawban languages ![]()
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